FIRST YEARS > FAQs Library > APA (American Psychological Association) Citations

Attributing authorship is an important (and ethical) component for professional writing. For FIRST YEARS documents, whether written by students or faculty, we use APA Style conventions to document quotations or original data/materials written by others.  Although FIRST YEARS expects you to document authorship, we do not expect a perfect rendering of the APA stylesheet formats. Substance, demonstrating good thinking, is always what your instructors are looking for.  The examples below demonstrate APA-documented citations. More examples are available at: Citing Web addresses: http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html Citing "quirky" online materials: http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite5.html APA Documentation Guide: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/apa.html Citations within the text body  Instead of superscripted numbers described in "footnotes" or "endnotes," APA uses in-line, or parenthetical,  references containing the author's last name, date published and, if quoted, page number(s).* See the "ending section reference" section below for how these examples are documented in APA endnotes. One author: Here is a sentence (Cochenour, 2005) showing an inline citation. Few authors: Santos & Reece (1999) stated ... sentence showing another type of inline citation. Multiple authors/too many to list: Here is a sentence (Kirk et al., 1997) showing an inline citation. Showing a quote: Here is a sentence "containing quoted material" (Kirk et al., 1997, p. 105). No date: Here is a sentence (ASHA, n.d.) showing an inline citation. Organizational author: Here is a sentence (ASHA, 1991) showing an inline citation. Same author with no distinguishing date:  Here is a sentence (FIRST YEARS, 2006a) showing an inline citation.  Here is a sentence (FIRST YEARS, 2006b) showing an inline citation. * Note: On Web pages especially, you may have to scroll down to find a "date last published." For example, FIRST YEARS reference documents always have the last-update date at the bottom, as shown immediately below. If you cannot find a date listed, use "n.d." for "no date."  FIRST YEARS course material in Blackboard: Here is a sentence (FIRST YEARS, 2008a) showing an inline citation. Course learning modules in Blackboard are always edited/revised for new course offerings. Therefore, use the current year for citations. Discussion board/forum postings in Blackboard: Here is a sentence (Classmate-lastname, 2007) showing an inline citation. Discussion board/forum postings in Blackboard: Classmate-lastname (2007) stated ... showing another type of inline citation. Citations within the ending reference section Full documentation, including page numbers for printed materials, appears in an end reference section. These endnote sections are always alphabetized by author name, whether corporate or individual author, or if the author is not present/known, by title. If there are multiple listings for the same author, these are arranged by date within author name. Journal: Cochenour, L.  (November/December 2005) The FIRST YEARS certificate program: Professional development through distance education. Volta Voices 12(6):35-37. "volume number(issue number, if present): page numbers" Organizational publication: American Speech-Language Hearing Association. (1991) Guidelines for the audiologic assessment of children from birth through thirty-six months of age. ASHA 33 (Suppl. 5):37-43. Book: Kirk, KI, Diefendorf, AO, Pisoni, DB &  Robbins, AM. (1997) Assessing Speech Perception in Children in Audiological Evaluation and Management and Speech Perception Assessment. (pp.101-132) San Diego: Singular Publishing Group. With editor(s): Roush, J. (2001). Screening for hearing loss and otitis media: Basic principles. In: Roush, J. (Ed.), Screening for hearing loss and otitis media in children (pp. 18-19). San Diego: Singular Publishing Group. Web retrieval: Santos, RM & Reese, D. (1999). Selecting culturally and linguistically appropriate materials: Suggestions for service providers (ERIC Digest/ERIC No. EDO-PS-99-6). University of Illinois: Champaign, IL. Retrieved April 28, 2002, from http://ericeece.org (Note that there are no periods at the end of an electronic citation.) Web retrieval (Note the chronological ordering for "same author" listings.):  FIRST YEARS (2004) Early Writing Development Scale Checklist. Retrieved July 26, 2006, from: http://www.firstyears.org/c1/u6/checklist.htm FIRST YEARS (2006a) Developmental Milestones: 2 1/2 to 12 Years. Retrieved July 26, 2006, from: http://www.firstyears.org/miles/mile3-12years.htm FIRST YEARS (2006b) Developmental Milestones: Birth to 2 Years.  Retrieved July 26, 2006, from: http://www.firstyears.org/miles/mile0-2years.htm Blackboard citations:** ** Note: All FIRST YEARS authors can be found on the faculty page. In addition, where there are multiple authors of courses, the author(s) will be listed on the Assignments page for that particular unit, as shown. Class notes/units (multiple authors for course units): FIRST YEARS (2008a). Special Topics in Speech and Hearing: A Survey.  "Unit 3. Audiology Interpretation" (Authors: Judith Gravel & Anne Marie Tharpe). (course name) (unit name)  Class notes/units (one author for course): FIRST YEARS (2008b). Literacy Development in Young Children with Hearing Loss. "Unit 4. Learning to Read: How to “Normalize” the Process" (Author: Lyn Roberton). Forum postings: Smith [sample-classmate-lastname], I [initial]. (2007) "APA Questions." Online posting retrieved July 26, 2007. Blackboard discussion forum.

06/25/03

Alexander Graham Bell Association | UNC-CH Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences © FIRST YEARS, Last update: August 2008, Maintained by Lane Price Rose, WebSchool Solutions